LE OPERE DEL DESIGN SONO TUTELATE SOLO A CONDIZIONE CHE SIANO CREATIVE

23/09/2019

La Corte di Giustizia europea chiarisce che la tutela di diritto d’autore alle opere di design è condizionata unicamente al ricorrere del requisito della creatività, non essendo in linea con l’ordinamento comunitario la richiesta di requisiti ulteriori, quali l’esistenza di uno specifico valore estetico o artistico

 

La vicenda

La vicenda processuale vede contrapporsi le società Cofemel e G-Star, entrambe attive nel settore dell’abbigliamento. La controversia, giunta dinanzi al Supremo Tribunal de Justiça portoghese, riguarda i diritti d’autore rivendicati da G-Star su alcuni modelli, i quali sarebbero stati violati da Cofemel con la produzione e commercializzazione di alcuni capi di abbigliamento.

Il contesto all’origine del rinvio pregiudiziale

Il rinvio pregiudiziale alla Corte di Giustizia europea effettuato dalla suprema corte portoghese prende le mosse dalla circostanza per cui il Código do Direitos de Autor e dos Direitos Conexos – codice portoghese del diritto d’autore e diritti connessi – da un lato, include il design nell’elenco delle opere che possono godere di protezione ai sensi del diritto d’autore, dall’altro non precisa esplicitamente quali requisiti devono essere soddisfatti affinché determinati oggetti, che perseguono un fine utilitario, godano effettivamente di detta protezione.

Il quesito

Poiché dottrina e giurisprudenza portoghesi risultavano divise sul punto, il Supremo Tribunal de Justiça ha chiesto ai giudici di Lussemburgo  se occorra considerare, alla luce dell’interpretazione della direttiva 2001/29 accolta dalla Corte nelle sentenza del 16 luglio 2009, Infopaq International (C‑5/08, EU:C:2009:465), e del 1º dicembre 2011, Painer (C‑145/10, EU:C:2011:798), che le opere del design godono della tutela assicurata dal diritto d’autore allo stesso titolo di qualsiasi opera letteraria e artistica, e pertanto a condizione che siano originali, nel senso che sono il risultato di una creazione intellettuale propria del loro autore, o se sia possibile subordinare la concessione di detta tutela all’esistenza di uno specifico livello di valore estetico o artistico.

La soluzione della CGUE

La Corte ha affermato che l’articolo 2, lettera a), della direttiva 2001/29 va interpretato nel senso che non è conforme al diritto comunitario una normativa nazionale che condizioni il riconoscimento di una tutela ai sensi del diritto d’autore a opere di design come modelli di capi di abbigliamento, al ricorrere di un requisito ulteriore rispetto a quello della creatività, ed in particolare che essi debbano produrre un effetto visivo loro proprio e rilevante da un punto di vista estetico.

La Corte è giunta a questa conclusione partendo dal presupposto che le fonti normative europee consentono che la protezione attribuita a disegni e modelli possa cumularsi con la tutela di diritto d’autore. Tuttavia, perseguendo ciascuna obiettivi diversi, queste protezioni sono assoggettate a discipline diverse.

La Corte ha quindi chiarito che l’effetto estetico che può essere prodotto da un disegno o modello non costituisce un elemento rilevante per determinare se tale disegno o modello possa essere qualificato come «opera dell’ingegno», giacché un tale effetto estetico costituisce il risultato della sensazione intrinsecamente soggettiva di bellezza che prova ciascuna persona che si trova ad osservare il disegno o modello in questione.

La tutela ricorre quindi quando l’oggetto costituisce una “creazione intellettuale” che riflette la libertà di scelta e la personalità dell’autore; e si appunta sugli elementi che sono espressione di tale creazione.


LGV OBTAINS ALSO BEFORE THE COURT OF CATANIA AN INJUNCTION ORDER AGAINST AN ONLINE RESELLER OF ILLICIT SOFTWARE

10/09/2019

The decision pronounced by the Court of Catania, in accordance with the unanimous jurisprudence obtained by LGV before the IP Court Division, ordered an online reseller to cease selling computer programs owned by a major software company without authorization.

 

The precautionary action was filed by LGV on behalf of its client after the latter had learned that the defendant company was reselling, through some websites, computer programs of its ownership without authorization. Such programs consisted, in particular, of programs marketed by the applicant as temporary licenses only (in the form of monthly or annual subscription). The online retailer, on the other hand, was selling these programs with perpetual licenses for “vile” amounts, according to the definition given by the above-mentioned decision.

The Court of Catania, granting the petition in its entirety, found that the defendant had unlawfully exploited the exclusive rights of ownership of the applicant company, granting the inhibitory injunction also with regard to the protection of the trademark owned by the software house. The Judge also stated that the reseller’s conducts constitute unfair competition both from the confusory perspective and with respect to the servile imitation.

The above-mentioned decision also reaffirmed the principle that the cessation of the conduct while the proceedings are pending does not eliminate the imminence of the periculum because the cessation of the conduct, determined only by the free determination of the party, cannot be considered permanent; the distributor, therefore, in the absence of a judicial order, could easily repeat the abusive conduct by creating new website The Court also stated that the requirement of imminence of the harm derives from the lasting nature of the infringement perpetrated by the defendant and, in any case, from the lasting effects of the conduct.


LGV OTTIENE ANCHE AVANTI AL TRIBUNALE DI CATANIA UN ORDINE DI INIBITORIA CONTRO UN RIVENDITORE ON LINE DI SOFTWARE ILLECITI

10/09/2019

Il provvedimento emesso dal Tribunale di Catania, conformandosi all’oramai unanime giurisprudenza ottenuta da LGV avanti alle Sezioni Specializzate in materia di Impresa italiane, ha inibito a un rivenditore online di proseguire la vendita senza autorizzazione di programmi per elaboratore di titolarità di un’importante società produttrice di software.

 

L’azione cautelare è stata proposta da LGV per conto della propria cliente dopo che quest’ultima aveva appreso che la società resistente rivendeva, tramite alcuni siti internet, programmi per elaboratore di propria titolarità senza autorizzazione. Si trattava, in particolare, di programmi immessi sul mercato dalla ricorrente esclusivamente con licenze temporanee (mediante abbonamento mensile o annuale). Il rivenditore online, invece, vendeva tali programmi con accessi perpetui al programma per importi “vili” come definiti dalla stessa ordinanza.

Il Tribunale di Catania, accogliendo in toto il ricorso proposto, ha accertato l’illecito sfruttamento da parte del resistente dei diritti di esclusiva di titolarità della società ricorrente, accogliendo la domanda di inibitoria anche in relazione alla tutela del marchio di titolarità della software house. Il Giudice ha anche affermato che le condotte del rivenditore integrano condotte concorrenzialmente sleali sia sotto il profilo confusorio sia per quanto concerne l’imitazione servile.

Con il provvedimento in parola è stato anche ribadito il principio secondo cui la cessazione della condotta nel corso del giudizio non fa venire meno l’imminenza del periculum in quanto la cessazione delle condotte, determinata solamente dalla libera determinazione della parte, non può essere considerata definitiva; il distributore quindi, in assenza di un ordine giudiziario, potrebbe facilmente reiterare le condotte abusive stante anche la facilità di creazione di nuovi siti vetrina. Il Tribunale ha altresì affermato che il requisito dell’imminenza del pregiudizio discende dalla duratura natura dell’illecito perpetrato da parte resistente e comunque dagli effetti permanenti della condotta.


AGCOM: ISSUED THE GUIDELINES RELATED TO THE REGULATION ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIOVISUAL WORKS INTENDED FOR THE WEB AND VIDEOGAMES, WICH WILL ENTER INTO FORCE ON OCTOBER18, 2019

05/09/2019

With Resolution no. 359/19 / CONS, published on July 18, 2019, the AGCOM (the Italian “Authority for Communications Guarantees”) issued the guidelines relating to the classification of audiovisual works intended for the web and videogames, pursuant to the regulation approved with Resolution 74/19/CONS (later amended, even if to a limited extent only, with resolution 358/19 / CONS). The guidelines clarify how to implement the classification, which must be reported by all the audiovisual works destined for the web and videogames for their distribution in Italy. The purpose is to protect minors from inappropriate contents, warning on them and indicating the appropriate age thresholds for the use of the works, in order to guide families and the public of consumers. With the same resolution, a Permanent Observatory was also established at the AGCOM, with supervisory functions and control over compliance with the new legislation, as well as power to propose updates to the regulation.

 

As far as videogames are concerned, the guidelines confirm the equivalence between the AGCOM classification systems and the PEGI (“Pan-European Game Information”) European classification system. Consequently, videogames already classified according to the PEGI system do comply with the provisions of the regulation without any further charges.

In the case of videogames already on the market and not having the PEGI classification, it will be necessary to comply with the PEGI or the AGCOM classifications as soon as possible (the obligations come into effect starting from October 18, 2019). If not, fines that can start from € 25,000 and reach € 350,000 are risked.

According to the legislation, the obligations above fall on the distributors, i.e. the providers of audiovisual media services and the providers of hosting services, even if the determination of the burden of complying with the classification can be negotiated between these subjects and the operators of the industry that provide videogame licenses.

If the AGCOM classification is chosen, since AGCOM does not have certifying functions, but only surveillance functions, it is on the subject obliged to the classification to carry out the appropriate assessments, based on the regulation and the guidelines, deciding which age groups should be applied and which are the most appropriate content descriptors (according to the table in Annex A.2 to the Guidelines, which distinguishes between bad language, discrimination and hate speech, drugs, fear, gambling, sex, violence, purchases in the video game). Based on this evaluation, the appropriate pictograms and descriptors will have to be used, also on marketing material and product packaging if sold online, with dimensions that cannot be lower than 25 x 25 pixels.

The guidelines help to clarify a new scenario for Italian operators, which implies some interpretative and applicative difficulties, and leave open some important questions, such as the applicability of the regulation only to Italian distributors (or even – and if so under what conditions – to foreign distributors); the update of the materials related to videogames distributed before the regulation came into force (which sometimes also presents technical difficulties, such as those concerning the impossibility to amend contents posted on social media); how to deal with particular hypotheses, such as streaming, user-generated contents, etc. These are issues that may perhaps be addressed and resolved within the Permanent Observatory established by Resolution 359/19 / CONS., which has the primary purpose of verifying the implementation of the legislation and its possible completion/update.


AGCOM: ISSUED THE GUIDELINES RELATED TO THE REGULATION ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF AUDIOVISUAL WORKS INTENDED FOR THE WEB AND VIDEOGAMES, WICH WILL ENTER INTO FORCE ON OCTOBER18, 2019

05/09/2019

With Resolution no. 359/19 / CONS, published on July 18, 2019, the AGCOM (the Italian “Authority for Communications Guarantees”) issued the guidelines relating to the classification of audiovisual works intended for the web and videogames, pursuant to the regulation approved with Resolution 74/19/CONS (later amended, even if to a limited extent only, with resolution 358/19 / CONS). The guidelines clarify how to implement the classification, which must be reported by all the audiovisual works destined for the web and videogames for their distribution in Italy. The purpose is to protect minors from inappropriate contents, warning on them and indicating the appropriate age thresholds for the use of the works, in order to guide families and the public of consumers. With the same resolution, a Permanent Observatory was also established at the AGCOM, with supervisory functions and control over compliance with the new legislation, as well as power to propose updates to the regulation.

 

As far as videogames are concerned, the guidelines confirm the equivalence between the AGCOM classification systems and the PEGI (“Pan-European Game Information”) European classification system. Consequently, videogames already classified according to the PEGI system do comply with the provisions of the regulation without any further charges.

In the case of videogames already on the market and not having the PEGI classification, it will be necessary to comply with the PEGI or the AGCOM classifications as soon as possible (the obligations come into effect starting from October 18, 2019). If not, fines that can start from € 25,000 and reach € 350,000 are risked.

According to the legislation, the obligations above fall on the distributors, i.e. the providers of audiovisual media services and the providers of hosting services, even if the determination of the burden of complying with the classification can be negotiated between these subjects and the operators of the industry that provide videogame licenses.

If the AGCOM classification is chosen, since AGCOM does not have certifying functions, but only surveillance functions, it is on the subject obliged to the classification to carry out the appropriate assessments, based on the regulation and the guidelines, deciding which age groups should be applied and which are the most appropriate content descriptors (according to the table in Annex A.2 to the Guidelines, which distinguishes between bad language, discrimination and hate speech, drugs, fear, gambling, sex, violence, purchases in the video game). Based on this evaluation, the appropriate pictograms and descriptors will have to be used, also on marketing material and product packaging if sold online, with dimensions that cannot be lower than 25 x 25 pixels.

The guidelines help to clarify a new scenario for Italian operators, which implies some interpretative and applicative difficulties, and leave open some important questions, such as the applicability of the regulation only to Italian distributors (or even – and if so under what conditions – to foreign distributors); the update of the materials related to videogames distributed before the regulation came into force (which sometimes also presents technical difficulties, such as those concerning the impossibility to amend contents posted on social media); how to deal with particular hypotheses, such as streaming, user-generated contents, etc. These are issues that may perhaps be addressed and resolved within the Permanent Observatory established by Resolution 359/19 / CONS., which has the primary purpose of verifying the implementation of the legislation and its possible completion/update.